英語中有兩種語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。被動(dòng)語態(tài),即不知道動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者的一種語態(tài)。英語的語態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。
當(dāng)主動(dòng)語態(tài)要被改成被動(dòng)的時(shí)候,需要把原句的賓語提前,作為該句的主語,主語后置,作為賓語。因此有一點(diǎn)要注意,不及物動(dòng)詞由于不加賓語,沒有被動(dòng)形式,但不及物動(dòng)詞如果與某些介詞構(gòu)成介詞短語,可以用被動(dòng)。
例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put在此處是不及物動(dòng)詞,但put out是及物動(dòng)詞。
英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成通常是:“be + done”。但“get+done”也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài),用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而不是動(dòng)作本身。
但有時(shí)由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要也要用被動(dòng),例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it在句中作形式主語。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的邏輯主語。意思是:“那個(gè)地方的工人一個(gè)多月后才得到工資是常有的事”。
如:The man got hurt on his way home.那個(gè)男人在回家的路上受傷了。How did the glass get broken?杯子怎么破了?
如:Chinese is spoken by many people.中文Chinese是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。被例如中文常說:我被他打,這就是一種被動(dòng)。
一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式
(1)一般將來時(shí):am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done .
Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover.
本句的意思是:“環(huán)境一旦遭到破壞,需要多年時(shí)間才能恢復(fù)過來?!眃o作為及物動(dòng)詞有“引起,產(chǎn)生”的含義,do damage的意思是“造成破壞”。主語damage是及物動(dòng)詞do的動(dòng)作對(duì)象,謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
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(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài):主語+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞過去分詞,例如Your teeth?must be brushed.
(3)不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài):to be done例:The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.(確定超過接待能力的預(yù)定時(shí)必須考慮預(yù)定了房間卻來不了的客人。
(4) 有些動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中,后面接不帶to的不定式,但如果改為被動(dòng),則需把省略的to加上,這類動(dòng)詞有[let, make, have,help]和感官動(dòng)詞[feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to],如:The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.
(5) 含有賓語從句的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng),通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語,從句放在句子后面/也可采用另一種形式,這類動(dòng)詞有:know, say, believe, find, think, report等
(6)不是所有的主動(dòng)句都可以變換成被動(dòng)句,更不是所有的被動(dòng)句都可以自由變換成主動(dòng)句。雖然語法原則上允許主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)句的互相轉(zhuǎn)換,但有的句子轉(zhuǎn)換后會(huì)變成不通順或不地道的英語句子。因此,在某些題目里,這也成為判斷應(yīng)該用主動(dòng)還是用被動(dòng)的依據(jù)。
如 :The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
在這段文章里,a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van這句被動(dòng)句強(qiáng)調(diào)出讀到文章的人最關(guān)心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital這句話則說明了孩子被送到醫(yī)院的事實(shí),至于是由誰(某個(gè)過路人?或肇事司機(jī)?)送的不重要。
he was treated for shock and a broken arm這句被動(dòng)句無須說出treat這個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,因?yàn)樵卺t(yī)院,傷病員自然由醫(yī)務(wù)人員處理,無須啰嗦。這樣,這段文章就重點(diǎn)突出,條理清楚了。
二、如何變主動(dòng)為被動(dòng)
有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個(gè)賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。多是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。這樣句子自然些。直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時(shí),間接賓語要變?yōu)槟硞€(gè)介詞的賓語,介詞to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改為This house was left (to) him by his father.
有些動(dòng)詞雖為及物,但賓語并非是動(dòng)作承受者,不能轉(zhuǎn)換,這些動(dòng)詞有have, hold(容納),suit, fit, lack, become(適合)contain, cost, last, mean, suffice(足夠)等。當(dāng)直接賓語為反身代詞、相互代詞或賓語前有指代主語的物主代詞時(shí)不用被動(dòng),如I shook my head.我搖搖頭。
三、一些特殊情況無被動(dòng)語態(tài)
(1)當(dāng)賓語為同源賓語(與主句指同一人),動(dòng)名詞,動(dòng)詞不定式或一個(gè)從句時(shí)不用被動(dòng)。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.
(2)在一些固定說法中,有些名詞和動(dòng)詞結(jié)合的固定說法,不能改We Chinese always keep our word.
(3)某些從不及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的及物動(dòng)詞,直接賓語在表示動(dòng)作的方式或效果時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞在意思上起狀語的作用,沒有被動(dòng)The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(這個(gè)女孩說了晚安并且親了他的男朋友)
(4)表地點(diǎn)\處所\組織\長(zhǎng)度\大小\數(shù)量\程度\抽象名詞的詞做賓語時(shí)不用被動(dòng).
(5)某些“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”短語walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被動(dòng)。某些詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng):sell, miss, build, grow, smell, taste, sound, feel等。
評(píng)論