關(guān)系代詞指的是代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分。關(guān)系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。關(guān)系代詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句
1)關(guān)系代詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分,
例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。)
2) 關(guān)系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中,that可指人也可指物,見下:
? ? ? ? ?限定性指人? ? 非限定性指物 限定性指人或指物
?主 格? ?who? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? which? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? that
賓 格? ? who? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?mthat? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?that
屬 格? ? whose? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? of which/whose? ? ? ? of which/whose
This is the pencil whose point is broken.??這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。
(whose指物,在限定性定語從句中作定語)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回來取他丟下的書。
(which指物,在限定性定語從句中作賓語,可以省略)
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3) 關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子,
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.?他說在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。
4)but,as,than作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
but既可指人,也可指物,常在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。but本身含"否定"的意思,其作用相當(dāng)于"that /which /who...not"。
它前面的主句通常有"否定"的詞(如:no,not,little,few,hardly等)。but引導(dǎo)的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用,達(dá)到強烈肯定的修飾效果。
可以省略的關(guān)系代詞:
1.關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
2.當(dāng)that在從句中作補語時可以省略。
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語從句,或在定語從句中出現(xiàn)there be時,用作主語的關(guān)系代詞也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.狀語的省略
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是reason,而且定語從句中作原因狀語時,關(guān)系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
(2)當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時,關(guān)系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way(in which/that)leads to the top of the mountains.
(3)當(dāng)先行詞是time時,關(guān)系代詞可用when,that或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意:關(guān)系代詞作賓語有時也不能省略。
不能省略關(guān)系代詞的情況:
(1)在介詞+whom與介詞+which中,whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
(2)在非限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
(3)在the same...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作賓語,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個)
(4)當(dāng)由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個或兩個以上的定語從句修飾一個先行詞時,第一個關(guān)系代詞可省,但第二,第三個不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
教大家一個笨方法,當(dāng)需要用到關(guān)系代詞的時候,如果自己無法判斷是否可以省略關(guān)系代詞,可以都不省略。只要其他語法機構(gòu)完整無誤,句子形式仍舊正確。
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