四六級語法：英語的十一種否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象

四六級語法：英語的十一種否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象

否定的轉(zhuǎn)移是指英語否定句在句中某一部分（常在謂語部分），但在語義上卻是否定另一部分的現(xiàn)象。翻譯這類句子時不要單純依賴語法分析，而應(yīng)從語義上分析，根據(jù)上下文理解句意。例：

He doesn’t teach because teaching is easy for him. 他之所以教書，并不是因?yàn)樗X得教書輕松。
John didn't attend the meeting because he was ill.約翰沒有出席會議, 因?yàn)樗×恕?br /> 以上句子是否采用“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”以譯文意思合乎邏輯為準(zhǔn)則。

一、在表示“看法”的謂語動詞上的否定形式，語義上卻是否定后面的賓語從句。
此類動詞有：
think, believe, suppose, imagine,
expect, anticipate, fancy, consider, find
(感到), guess,be supposed to, calculate,
figure, reckon。
I don't believe I've met you before.??我認(rèn)為我沒有見過你。
I don't think you will be late. 我認(rèn)為你不會遲到。
I don't suppose he cares, does he? 我看他不在乎，對吧？
He doesn't expect we need worry. 他認(rèn)為我們不必著急。
I don’t recon she is old enough to go to school. 我認(rèn)為她還沒到上學(xué)的年紀(jì)。
注：上述表示“看法”或“判斷”的動詞出現(xiàn)以下情況時，其否定不發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移：
（1）用作插入語時：
Li Lei, I think, won’t be angry with you. 我想李蕾不會生你的氣。
Tom, I suppose, won’t be against it. 我猜想湯姆不會反對。
（2）這些動詞跟其他另一個動詞一起做并列謂語時：
I believe and hope he won’t do that. 我相信并且也希望他將不會那樣做。
（3）用于疑問句時：
Do you think it is not going to rain? 你認(rèn)為天不會下雨嗎？
（4）主句中添加情態(tài)動詞can't, mustn't, wouldn't時：
You mustn’t think he’s stupid.??你不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為他愚蠢。
I wouldn't have imagined that you would be here.我不曾想到你會在這兒。
I can’t imagine how he could survive that car accident.我想象不出在那次車禍中他是怎樣活命的。
（5）think , expect 作料想講時：
I didn’t expect I’d meet you here. 我沒料到會在這里碰上你。
We didn’t think he is such a selfish man. 我們沒料到他是這樣一個自私的人。
（6）suppose , think 用于祈使句式或被副詞修飾時：
Don’t suppose you have passed the exam, for this is only a part of the exam.別以為你通過了考試，這僅僅是考試的一部分。
I simply don’t think you will give me a hand when I’m in difficulty.我根本不指望你在我困難的時候能幫助我。
I really don’t think it’s necessary for us to go there now.我的確不認(rèn)為我們有必要去那兒。
I feel strongly that he shouldn’t do such a thing. 我強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為他不應(yīng)該做那樣的事。
（7）上述動詞所接的賓語從句中如有all , every , many , both 等表全體意義的詞或副詞時：
I don’t believe both of them are innocent. 我不相信他們兩個都是清白的。
I never expect all the students will do the exercises after classes.我從不抱希望于所有學(xué)生都會在課外做作業(yè)。
We don’t consider everybody in our class is interested in this topic.我們并不認(rèn)為班里的每個人都對這個話題感興趣。
（8）由于cannot help,??ought not， need not，not at all 等短語的關(guān)系而把I think 隔離：
I should have thought sometimes you couldn’t help thinking of the past. 我應(yīng)該想到你會禁不住想起過去。
I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs. Moore.
I think you need not be impolite to her，as well as to her son.
"I think the angel are not at all in heaven." Mr.Esmond said."

二、在表示“感覺”的謂語動詞上d 否定形式，語義上卻否定表語部分。
此類動詞有：
appear, seem, feel, sound, taste, smell, as if，feel , look ,sound,,feel like,look like.
The old streets don’t appear deserted. ( not deserted.) 老街看樣子還沒被廢棄。
I’m not feeling very well today. My head aches.??( not very well … ) 我今天感到不怎么舒服，頭痛。
The food doesn’t taste fresh.??( not fresh . ) 食物償起來不鮮。
It doesn’t seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。
It doesn’t appear that we’ll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。

三、seem, prove, happen 與不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定不定式。
The president didn’t happen to attend that meeting.??(happen not to attend … )
董事長碰巧沒參加那次會議。
Your answer doesn’t seem to be right. (seem not to be ) 你的答案看起來似乎不正確。
Jack doens't seem to like you．（＝Jack seems not to like you）杰克看來不喜歡你。
The news didn't seem to be true. 這個消息好象并不是真的。

四、pretend , remember 的賓語為非謂語動詞時，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定賓語,即非謂語動詞。
My Italian friend didn’t pretend to see her tutor in the dining room. (pretend not to see … )我的意大利朋友在餐廳里假裝沒看見她導(dǎo)師。
I couldn’t remember having carried my wallet out. (否定having …) 我記得不曾帶錢包出門。

五、形式上否定謂語，語義上否定賓語補(bǔ)足語。
I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it.我知道他身上從不帶錢，因?yàn)樗麖牟恍枰X。
We do not consider melting or boiling to be chemical change. (not to be … )我們認(rèn)為熔化和沸騰不是化學(xué)反應(yīng)。
Seeing a ball flying, we don’t expect the ball to fly forever. (not to fly …)看到球飛時，我們認(rèn)為它不會永遠(yuǎn)飛下去。
I don’t think math difficult. 我認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)不難。
I don’t find the story interesting.??我認(rèn)為這個故事沒有趣。
I don’t expect so.??我認(rèn)為不會。

六、在“It is / was likely / probably + 從句”中，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定從句。
It isn't likely that it will rain tomorrow. 看起來明天不會下雨。
It isn't probable that he will come here today. 他今天也許不會來這里了。

七、形式上否定謂語，語義上否定狀語或狀語從句。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語) 他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。
Don't judge a man by his appearance. 不要以貌取人。
Don’t read in the sun. 不要在陽光下看書。
Don’t talk with your mouth full of food. 不要口里含著食物說話。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　螞蟻不只是為自己采食。
Let’s not talk about it here. 我們別在這里談吧。
This great victory has not been won easily.這個偉大的勝利贏來得并不容易。
I didn't know his name until yesterday.??（not ... until） 我直到昨天才知道他的名字。
He didn't take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own fame．but to benefit the boy's parents．他把男孩從鐵軌上抱到安全地帶，不是為了獲得個人的名譽(yù)，而是為了孩子的父母。
注：含有not … because (of) 的句子，情況較復(fù)雜，需根據(jù)邏輯、語境和常識進(jìn)行判斷是否需要作否定轉(zhuǎn)移，如需轉(zhuǎn)移的話，往往是由否定謂語轉(zhuǎn)為否定狀語。例如：
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because狀語) 他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。
I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. 我教書并不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書輕松。
The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was used up.??發(fā)動機(jī)并不是因?yàn)橛陀猛甓＼嚨摹?
He didn’t go to class because he was sick. 他沒去上課，因?yàn)樗×恕?(這句話不需作否定轉(zhuǎn)移)
The manager didn’t give a speech because he felt painful in his throat. 經(jīng)理沒發(fā)表講話，因?yàn)樗韲低础?
She didn’t call you because she loved you. 這個句子可能出現(xiàn)兩種理解：
A. 她給你打電話并非因?yàn)樗龕勰?。（發(fā)生了否定轉(zhuǎn)移）
B. 她沒給你打電話是因?yàn)樗龕勰?。（未發(fā)生否定轉(zhuǎn)移）
到底哪種理解正確，我們無法從邏輯意義上進(jìn)行辨別，這時我們只有借助語境即上下文來分析了。即這類句子是否采用“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”以譯文意思合乎邏輯為準(zhǔn)則。

八、表示信念、看法、愿望的名詞充當(dāng)主語從句的表語時，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定主語從句。這類詞有：
hope, thought, view, opinion ,wish,??expectation, belief, plan 等。
It is not our expectation that you will suffer a lot from that.??(will not suffer … )我們希望你不要為那事受太多苦。
It is not my opinion that you spend much time on computer games.??(do not spend … )我的看法是你不要花太多時間玩電腦游戲。
It is not their plan that their homework is done on Sunday. 他們計(jì)劃星期天不做家庭作業(yè)。

九、含有全體意義的代詞和副詞作主語或賓語時，形式上否定謂語，語義上否定主語或賓語，表示部分否定。這類詞有：
all, both, every, everybody, everything, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely，wholly。
All the people didn't know the truth.??(Not all the people knew the truth.)并非所有的人都知道事情的真相。
All that glitters is not gold.??發(fā)光的不總是金子。
Both the children are not clever.??(Not both the children …) 兩個孩子并不都聰明。
Everybody, it is true, wouldn’t like it.??( Not everybody …) 的確不是人人都喜歡它。
I don’t know all of them.??(not all of them) 對于他們我不是個個都認(rèn)識的。
I don’t like both of them.??(not both of them.) 這兩本小說，我不是都喜歡。
注：當(dāng)all 與can not 或 won’t 構(gòu)成否定句式時，其否定不再發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移，而表示全部否定。
All the foreigners can not pass the borders without visas. 所有外國人沒有簽證均不能過境。
All the treatment won’t make any help for her disease. 所有的治療對他的疾病都無用。

十、"否定主句+肯定式方式從句" 中，主句和從句意思正好相反。例：
Whales are not fish, as many people think. 鯨不是魚，而許多人卻認(rèn)為鯨是魚。

十一、主語是否定特征時，翻譯應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況確定。否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移，也可以不轉(zhuǎn)移。例：

Nobody who has ever seen good-quality color television can ever be completely happy with black and white again. 看過高質(zhì)量彩色電視的人再也不可能對黑白電視感到滿足了。

原文鏈接：http://bbs.acadsoc.com.cn/thread-11960-1-1.html